What Does Mbe Obe and Cbe Stand for

British order of chivalry

Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
CBE neck decoration (in civil division)
Awarded by Sovereign of the United Kingdom
Type	Order of chivalry
Established	1917; 104 years ago (1917)
Motto	For God and the Empire
Eligibility	British nationals, citizens of the Commonwealth realms, or anyone who has made a significant achievement for the United Kingdom
Awarded for	Prominent national or regional achievements^[1]
Status	Currently constituted
Sovereign	Queen Elizabeth II
Grand Master	Vacant
Grades	Knight/Dame Grand Cross (GBE) Knight/Dame Commander (KBE/DBE) Commander (CBE) Officer (OBE) Member (MBE)
Former grades	Medal of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry Medal of the Order of the British Empire for Meritorious Service
Precedence
Next (higher)	Royal Victorian Order
Next (lower)	Varies, depending on rank
Military ribbon Civil ribbon

The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service.^[2] It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions, with the most senior two classes making the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female.^[3] There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of the order.

Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire (later Commonwealth) and the viceroy of India. Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British (Imperial) honours. Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours.^[a]

History [edit]

MBE (civil division) as awarded in 1918

MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire" motto

King George V founded the Order to fill gaps in the British honours system:

The orders of the Garter, the Thistle, and St Patrick honoured royals, peers, statesmen, and eminent military commanders;
The Order of the Bath honoured senior military officers and civil servants;
The Order of St Michael and St George honoured diplomats and colonial officials;
The Order of the Star of India and the Order of the Indian Empire honoured Indian rulers and British and Indian officials of the British Indian Empire; and
The Royal Victorian Order, in the personal gift of the monarch, honoured those who had personally served the royal family.

In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War. When first established, the Order had only one division. However, in December 1918 it was formally divided into Military and Civil Divisions,^[4] with the military division open to commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Armed Forces and nursing services.^[5] The Order's motto is For God and the Empire.^[2]

At the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal (BEM). It ceased being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms of the honours system, but was again awarded from 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.^[6] In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations.

In 2004, a report titled "A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System" by a Commons committee recommended phasing out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country's population".^[7] In 2012, the committee however decided not to recommend any changes ahead of the Order's centenary in 2017, to "recognise the Order's proud history and the service of its members", although "the title may need to change in the future".^[8]

Composition [edit]

The Order consists of 5 classes. The two most senior entitle their members to the use of Sir for men and Dame for women before their forename. All classes entitle their members to post-nominal letters accordingly. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards.


Classes of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire^[9]
Class	First class		Second class		Third class	Fourth class	Fifth class	—
Class	Knight Grand Cross	Dame Grand Cross	Knight Commander	Dame Commander	Commander	Officer	Member	British Empire Medal^[b]
Prefix	Sir	Dame	Sir	Dame	—	—	—	—
Post-nominals	GBE		KBE	DBE	CBE	OBE	MBE	BEM

The Order is limited to 300 knights and dames grand cross, 845 knights and dames commander, and 8,960 commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign appointees, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as do full members. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders.^[2] Lord mayors of London are traditionally created knights grand cross in the Civil Division of the Order.

Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry (knight bachelor), women cannot, and so the rank of knight/dame commander of the order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood (above knights bachelor). Because of this, an appointment as dame commander is made in circumstances in which a man would be created a knight bachelor. For example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created dames commander after appointment, while male judges become knights bachelor.

From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters.

Honorary knighthoods [edit]

When the recipient is not a citizen of a country where Queen Elizabeth II is head of state, they receive an honorary knighthood. They may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally, honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to as Sir or Dame. Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive to enjoy all privileges of membership of the order, including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan, who was appointed an honorary knight commander of the Order in 2005, and upon successful application for British citizenship, held alongside his Irish citizenship, he was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as Sir Terry Wogan.^[10] ^[11]

Office bearers [edit]

The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order (by convention, on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth realms). The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three: Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) (1917–1936); Queen Mary (1936–1953); and the Duke of Edinburgh (1953–2021). The Sovereign and the Grand Master are the only members of the Order who have their heraldic banners on display in the Chapel of the Order in St Paul's Cathedral, London.

The Order has six officials:^[12] The King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. Lady Usher of the Purple Rod does not—unlike the Order of the Garter equivalent, the Lady Usher of the Black Rod—perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

Prelate: Dame Sarah Mullally DBE, as Bishop of London^[13]
- Prelate Emeritus : The Lord Chartres GCVO ChStJ, formerly Bishop of London
Dean: David Ison, as Dean of St Paul's
Secretary: Simon Case CVO, as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service
Registrar: Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Segrave, as The Secretary of the Central Chancery
King of Arms: Lieutenant General Sir Robert Fulton KBE KStJ
Lady Usher of the Purple Rod: Dame Amelia Fawcett DBE CVO

Gallantry [edit]

OBE silver oak-leaf emblem for gallantry

Although initially intended to recognise meritorious service, the Order began to be also awarded for gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians, including the merchant navy, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach the standard of the George Medal, but, as an Order, were listed before it on the Order of Wear. Awards for meritorious service usually appear without a citation but there were often citations for gallantry awards, some detailed and graphic.^[14] From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.^[15]

Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry after 14 January 1958 wears an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same ribbon as the badge, with a miniature version on the ribbon bar when worn alone.^[15] It could not be awarded posthumously, and was replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM). If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the Order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to also wear the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves.^[16] However, they only used the post-nominal letters of the higher grade.

Vestments and accoutrements [edit]

Members of the Order wear elaborate vestments on important occasions (such as quadrennial services and coronations), which vary by rank (the designs underwent major changes in 1937):

The mantle, worn by only Knights and Dames Grand Cross, was originally made of yellow satin lined with blue silk, but is now made of rose pink satin lined with pearl-grey silk. On the left side is a representation of the star (see below).
The collar, also worn by only Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold. It consists of six medallions depicting the Royal Arms, alternating with six medallions depicting the Royal and Imperial Cypher of George V (GRI, which stands for " Georgius Rex Imperator "). The medallions are linked with gold cables depicting lions and crowns.

Knight and Dame Grand Cross insignia
Mantle worn by Knights and Dames Grand Cross (GBE)
Close-up of the Star on the mantle
Collar and Star of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Order

On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, or evening wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. Collars are returned upon the death of their owners, but other insignia may be retained.

At less important occasions, simpler insignia are used:

The star is an eight-pointed silver star used by only Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander. It is worn pinned to the left breast. Varying in size depending on class, it bears a crimson ring with the motto of the Order inscribed. Within the ring, a figure of Britannia was originally shown. Since 1937, however, the effigies of George V and Mary of Teck have been shown instead.
The badge is the only insignia used by all members of the Order. Until 1937, it was suspended on a purple ribbon, with a red central stripe for the military division; since then, the ribbon has been rose-pink with pearl-grey edges, with the addition of a pearl-grey central stripe for the military division. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear it on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commander and male Commanders wear the badge from a ribbon around the neck; male Officers and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the left chest; all females other than Dames Grand Cross wear it from a bow on the left shoulder. The badge is in the form of a cross patonce (having the arms growing broader and floriated toward the end), the obverse of which bears the same field as the star (that is, either Britannia or George V and Queen Mary); the reverse bears George V's Royal and Imperial Cypher. Both are within a ring bearing the motto of the Order. The size of the badges varies according to rank: the higher classes have slightly larger badges. The badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders are enamelled with pale blue crosses and crimson rings; those of Officers are silver gilt; those of Members are plain silver.
The British Empire Medal is made of silver. On the obverse is an image of Britannia surrounded by the motto, with the words "For Meritorious Service" at the bottom; on the reverse is George V's Imperial and Royal Cypher, with the words "Instituted by King George V" at the bottom. The name of the recipient is engraved on the rim. This medal comes in both a full-sized and miniature versions – the latter for formal white-tie and informal black-tie occasions.
A lapel pin for everyday wear was first announced at the end of December 2006, in response to a recommendation in Sir Hayden Phillips's 2004 review of the honours system.^[17] It is available to recipients of all levels of the Order, as well as to holders of the British Empire Medal. The pin design is not unique to any level and features the badge of the Order, enclosed in a circle of ribbon of its colours of pink and grey. Lapel pins must be purchased separately by a member of the Order.^[18]

Order's insignia
Badge as awarded to a female MBE

Order of the British Empire ribbon bars
	Civil	Military
1917–1935
Since 1936

Chapel [edit]

Chapel of the Order in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral. The banners are those of the Sovereign (right) and of the Grand Master (left) of the Order.

The chapel of the Order is in the far eastern end of the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, but it holds its great services upstairs in the main body of the cathedral. (The cathedral also serves as the home of the chapel of The Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George.) Religious services for the whole Order are held every four years; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services. The chapel was dedicated in 1960. The only heraldic banners on display in the chapel are those of the Sovereign of the Order of the British Empire and of the Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire.

Precedence and privileges [edit]

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.^[c] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Male clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir as they do not receive the accolade (they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters: dames do not receive the accolade, and therefore female clergy are free to use the title Dame.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal, GBE; Knights Commander, KBE; Dames Commander, DBE; Commanders, CBE; Officers, OBE; and Members, MBE. The post-nominal for the British Empire Medal is BEM.

Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to be granted heraldic supporters. They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.

Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross [edit]

Sovereign: Queen Elizabeth II
Grand Master: vacant

Knights and Dames Grand Cross [edit]

Military ranks listed denotes the awarded being in the military division.

Military rank	Name	Post-nominals	Year appointed
	Sir Christopher Leaver	GBE KStJ JP	1981
General	Sir Frank Kitson	GBE KCB MC* DL	1985
Air Chief Marshal	Sir David Harcourt-Smith	GBE KCB DFC	1989
	Sir Alexander Graham	GBE	1990
Air Chief Marshal	Sir Patrick Hine	GCB GBE	1991
	Sir Brian Jenkins	GBE	1991
	Sir Francis McWilliams	GBE	1992
Admiral	Sir Kenneth Eaton	GBE KCB	1994
Air Chief Marshal	Sir Bill Wratten	GBE CB AFC	1998
	The Lord Rothschild	OM GBE CVO	1998
	Sir Stephen Brown	GBE	1999
Air Chief Marshal	Sir Anthony Bagnall	GBE KCB	2002
	Sir Michael Sydney Perry	GBE	2002
	Sir Ronnie Flanagan	GBE QPM	2002
	The Baroness Butler-Sloss	GBE PC	2005
	Sir David Cooksey	GBE	2007
General	Sir Timothy Granville-Chapman	GBE KCB	2011
	The Lord King of Lothbury	KG GBE DL	2011
	Sir John Parker	GBE	2012
	The Baroness Hayman	GBE PC	2012
	Sir Keith Mills	GBE DL	2013
	Sir Alan Budd	GBE	2013
	Sir John Bell	GBE FRS	2015
Air Chief Marshal	Sir Stuart Peach	GBE KCB ADC DL	2016
	Sir Ian Wood	KT GBE	2016
	Sir Cyril Chantler	GBE	2017
	Sir Michael Rawlins	GBE	2017
	Sir Keith Peters	GBE	2018
	Sir Craig Reedie	GBE	2018
	Sir Christopher Greenwood	GBE CMG QC	2018
	The Lady Higgins	GBE QC	2019
	Sir Michael Burton	GBE QC	2019
	The Earl Howe	GBE PC	2021

Honorary [edit]

Recommendations by Commonwealth countries [edit]

Countries making recommendations to the Order of the British Empire (2020)

Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire continue to be made by most smaller Commonwealth realms. In 2019, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu, as well as the New Zealand associated state of the Cook Islands all included Order of the British Empire awards in their New Year's or Queen's Birthday honours lists.^[19]

However, since the Second World War, most Commonwealth realms have established their own national system of honours and awards and have created their own unique orders, decorations and medals.

Canada seldom made recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire except for the Second World War and the Korean War but continued to recommend gallantry awards for both military and civilians until the creation of the Order of Canada in 1967.^[20]

Although the Order of Australia was created in 1975, the last Commonwealth of Australia recommendations were for New Year Honours 1983 and the last Australian state recommendations were for the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours,^[21] On 5 October 1992, the then Australian Prime Minister announced that Australia would no longer recommend British awards and from that date British awards would be treated as foreign awards.

The New Zealand Government ceased to recommend the Order after the establishment of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 1996, but the Government of the Cook Islands continues to do so.^[22]

Honours declined or returned [edit]

In 2003, the Sunday Times published a list of the people who had rejected the Order of the British Empire, including David Bowie, John Cleese, Nigella Lawson, Elgar Howarth, L. S. Lowry, George Melly and J. G. Ballard.^[23] In addition, Ballard voiced his opposition to the honours system, calling it "a preposterous charade".^[23] The Order has attracted some criticism for its naming having connection with the idea of the now-extinct British Empire.^[24]

Benjamin Zephaniah, a British Jamaican poet, publicly rejected appointment as an Officer in 2003 because, he asserted, it reminded him of "thousands of years of brutality":

"It reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised."^[25]

In 2004, a House of Commons Select Committee recommended changing the name of the award to the Order of British Excellence, and changing the rank of Commander to Companion; as the former was said to have a "militaristic ring".^[24] ^[26]

A notable person to decline the offer of membership was the author C. S. Lewis (1898–1963), who had been named on the last list of honours by George VI in December 1951. Despite being a monarchist, he declined so as to avoid association with any political issues.^[27] ^[28]

The Beatles were appointed Members in 1965: John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order:

"Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war — for killing people ... We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more."

Lennon later returned his MBE insignia, on 25 November 1969, as part of his ongoing peace protests.^[29] Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the Civil Service and Judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions.^[24]

In 1995, Scottish communist activist and actor Alex Clark rejected an OBE.^[30] Actor Michael Sheen, who received the OBE in 2009 for services to drama, handed back his OBE in 2017 so he could air his views about the monarchy without being a "hypocrite". He did not publicly announce his decision until 2020, fearing some people would find it insulting.^[31]

Rescinded OBEs [edit]

Chin Peng, a veteran guerrilla fighter of the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army, was appointed as an Officer for his role in fighting against the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II, in close co-operation with the British commando Force 136. Several years after World War II his OBE membership was withdrawn by the British government and became undesirable to Chin Peng as well, when the Communist leader headed his party's guerrilla insurgency against the British during the Malayan Emergency.^[32]

Notes [edit]

^ The last Canadian recommendation for the Order of the British Empire was an MBE for gallantry gazetted in 1966, a year before the creation of the Order of Canada. The Australian Honours System unilaterally created in 1975 did not achieve bi-partisan support until 1992 when Australian federal and state governments agreed to cease Australian recommendations for British honours; the last Australian recommended Order of the British Empire appointments were in the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours. New Zealand ceased to use the order when it introduced its own honours system.
^ The British Empire Medal does not make a person a member of the Order, but the award is associated with the Order.
^ Never surnames – thus Sir Antony Sher may be shortened to Sir Antony, but not to Sir Sher.

References [edit]

^ "Guide to the Honours". BBC News. BBC. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Order of the British Empire". The Official Website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
^ "No. 30250". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 24 August 1917. pp. 8791–8999.
^ "No. 31084". The London Gazette. 27 December 1918. p. 15135.
^ H. Taprell Dorling (1956). Ribbons and Medals. A. H. Baldwin & Son, London. p. 34. OCLC 930416375.
^ "Birthday Honours: 'Working class' British Empire Medal revived". BBC News. BBC. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^ "A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System" (PDF). House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee. Parliament.uk. 13 July 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
^ "The Honours System Second Report of Session 2012–13. Volume I" (PDF). House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee. Parliament.uk. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
^ "What is the difference between a CBE, OBE, MBE and a knighthood?". www.thegazette.co.uk . Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^ "No. 57855". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 31 December 2005. p. 26.
^ "Radio's Wogan becomes Sir Terry". BBC News. BBC. 6 December 2005. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
^ "The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire: Newsletter" (PDF). Centralchancerry.org.uk. January 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
^ HM Government (7 December 2018). "Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood". The London Gazette . Retrieved 22 December 2018.
^ Abbott, PE; Tamplin, J.M.A. (1981). British Gallantry Awards. London: Nimrod Dix & Co. ISBN978-0-902633-74-2. Chapters 35–38.
^ ^a ^b "No. 41285". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 January 1958. p. 365.
^ "No. 56878". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 March 2003. p. 3353.
^ "BEM Recipients Entitled to New Emblem". The Berwickshire News. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
^ "Emblem for honours (Archived 4 April 2012)". The National Archives. DirectGov (UK). Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
^ New Year and Birthday Honours. The Gazette, Retrieved 19 May 2020.
^ However, there were awards of the related British Empire Medal for Gallantry, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of the Order of the British Empire, after the creation of the Order of Canada. see "No. 44630". The London Gazette. 9 July 1968. p. 7607.
^ London Gazette 51778, Sat, 17 June 1989, p. 45
^ New Zealand Royal Honours System: History, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Retrieved on 19 May 2020
^ ^a ^b McGavin, Henry (22 December 2003). "Honoured? No thanks, say elite of arts and TV". Independent . Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c A reformed Honours system, Select Committee on Public Administration, 7 July 2004, Retrieved 13 May 2012
^ Mills, Merope (27 November 2003). "Rasta poet publicly rejects his OBE". The Guardian . Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ "Honours system outdated, say MPs", BBC News, 13 July 2004, Retrieved 28 February 2007
^ "Chronology of the Life of C.S. Lewis". Archived from the original on 6 February 2012.
^ C.S., Lewis (1994). W. H. Lewis, Walter Hooper (ed.). Letters of C.S. Lewis. New York: Mariner Books. p. 528. ISBN978-0-15-650871-1.
^ Brian Roylance; George Harrison; John Lennon; Paul McCartney; Ringo Starr (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Chronicle Books. pp. 183. ISBN978-0-8118-2684-6.
^ Meddick, Simon; Payne, Liz; Katz, Phil (2020). Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism. UK: Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited. p. 35.
^ "Michael Sheen 'gave OBE back' to air views on the monarchy". BBC News. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ Dead or Alive,(subscription required) TIME magazine, 12 May 1952

External links [edit]

Order of the British Empire – official website of the British Monarchy
The Honours system – UK Government
Queen's Birthday and New Year honours – The London Gazette, lists recipients of honours
"The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire" (2002) – Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society
"Order of Precedence in England and Wales", Velde, F. R. (2003) – Heraldica.org
Search recommendations for the Order of the British Empire on the UK National Archives' website for military honours and awards 1935-1990
The Chapel of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire – OBE Chapel Exterior detail – JPEG image, IanMcGrawPhotos.co.uk

What Does Mbe Obe and Cbe Stand for

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire

Thorpe Rece1969